[quote]Youre an idiot, heat rises, that was the warmest and cushist place in all the nasty draft trap little house. Grace Pearl was born in May, 1877, and the family was struggling to make ends meet. Like are you trying to kill your family? As for Pa: He tried. Carrie was ten when Mary left home. Oh how wonderful! Charles Frederick "Freddie" Ingalls was the fourth child of Caroline and Charles Ingalls. when I was young (pre-teen). He was put in many orphanages as a child. I understood that he was leaving the food for the rest of us," she writes. Performance cookies are used to understand and analyze the key performance indexes of the website which helps in delivering a better user experience for the visitors. Re-reading the books as an adult made me suspect that Laura had a bit of the ADD. The birthplace of Wilder was located in Big Woods region, Wisconsin. Select Files for the Ingalls Homestead. It wasn't cushy at all. Far worst of all, the fever had settled in Mary's eyes and Mary was blind." Which explains why Ma never even noticed her house was lopsided. Pa was likely also a draft dodger, because there's no documentation of where he was between his marriage to Ma (1860) and Mary's birth (1865). Subscribe for virtual tools, STEM-inspired play, Subscribe for virtual tools, STEM-inspired play, creative tips and more. The art of making various toys with knitting needles and frequent needle technique is tiggergirl2054 The following winter's terrible storms and conditions would be the basis for the novel, The Long Winter. Take a look at R143 There are several differences. [5] From their original home in the woods of Wisconsin, Ingalls moved his family to Indian Territory in southeastern Kansas, then back to Wisconsin; Burr Oak, Iowa; and from there to southern Minnesota. She married an older widower with two kids, but never had her own. "He was always a hard worker and hard drinker", she writes, "and he and the crew would regularly have a few drinks of alcohol on the set, which is probably part of why he might have developed pancreatic cancer at such a young age." The show seemed silly to me and even as a kid I felt a little bit like it was an oversimplification. We hope they will call again. Why didn't Charles Ingalls fight in the Civil War? James was born in the late 1800's and lived with his mother and father, and his little sister Cassandra. The business closed in 1881. Very little was mentioned about Laura's only brother Charles Frederick Ingalls who died at the age of nearly 10 months old on August 27, 1876. Quite simply, the fictional Pa is more heroic, more noble, and more mythic than the real Charles Ingalls or the one who emerges from the pages of Pioneer Girl. wild bills beef jerky bulk. A present-day couple buy an antique, folding-leaf table with a large I branded on it and are curious to learn about its origins. Mary's one job was taking care of her, and I'm sure she was the mother figure in Carrie's life, so to have her leave suddenly would have been traumatic. The one interesting thing in the Pioneer Girl bookLaura talks about an attempted rape when she was a teenager. Charles Frederick died at about a year old. Check out our charles ingalls selection for the very best in unique or custom, handmade pieces from our shops. Not as bad as Pa Ingalls, though. It is surrounded by as fine a country as can be found in the west. Marble. Who knows, R125. Together they had five children: Mary Amelia, Laura Elizabeth, Caroline Celestia (Carrie), Charles Frederick (Freddie), and Grace Pearl. The Kidadl Team is made up of people from different walks of life, from different families and backgrounds, each with unique experiences and nuggets of wisdom to share with you. Almanzo comes across as quite selfish too. No one has insisted that she be canceled, just considered more fully. Charles Ingalls (father of Laura Ingalls-Wilder) died of heart disease one June 8, 1902 in DeSmet, South Dakota. When he was nine months old, the baby began to lose weight, and despite a doctor being called, Baby Freddie died on August 27, 1876. A fine counterpoint to dear Caroline, whom I also loved and thought was stunningly beautiful. I think they were very alike in some ways. The Wiki article doesn't mention the Civil War at all. My feeling about Mr. Ingalls was that he was a charming man, singing and fiddle playing while chasing dreams that never worked out. Who cares, R143? But opting out of some of these cookies may affect your browsing experience. Select Files for the Ingalls Homestead. A charming loser ("Pa's tuning up his fiddle! Contents 1 Early life and family 2 Family travels and settling 2.1 Wisconsin to points west 2.2 De Smet, final home What about Almanzo or "Manly"? Continually knocking up Caroline with no intention to provide for those kids. If Pa Ingalls lived today, hed be constantly trying to start up businesses that failed and his wife would support the family. True R101. Charles Ingalls had been born in Cuba, New York, in 1836. De Smet, South Dakota. An Albaniaphile Lesbian. did charles ingalls make tables - engelog.ind.br That was a pretty common existence in the latter half of the 19th century in . DR. Quinn was a WONDERFUL show. Better-looking men as well. She was a talented woman who did well at anything she attempted. What was the point of any of it. Laura Colby's parents were Eunice and Nathan Colby, and they are buried in a small, almost forgotten cemetery in North Cuba. In August 1882, the inaugural service was performed in the new church building. Every time he started to get ahead a bit, some disaster like a plague of locusts or a fire would happen. Does James Cooper Ingalls die? No, women didnt have as lot of good options, if Pa wanted to abandon civilization. When Charles was born, the family was still living near Cuba, among clusters of other Ingalls relatives. Website is crap, but heres the link. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. Hoping it will be included in the bookwhich will be out.? No, they didn't. The Ingalls women apparently had an eye for manflesh. Charles Frederick Ingalls Jr., better known as Freddie, was the fourth child and only son of Charles and Caroline Ingalls and was born November 1, 1875 in Walnut Grove, Minnesota. Jean M: Look on Amazon!!! Together, they had five children: Docs Teah Ingalls Wilder Family Charles and Caroline Ingalls managed a hotel (Masters) in Burr Oak for a short time before moving back to Walnut Grove in 1878. Mary never saw any of them again much sooner. 5 Who are the actors in Little House on the Prairie? Maybe the real Pa would be, R130, but I doubt if TV Pa would. "Why did they have so many children when they were so poor? Have you never heard of the pioneer spirit? Ingalls' father was born in Dunham, Missisquoi County, Lower Canada (now Dunham, Quebec, Canada), a descendant of Henry Ingalls (16271714, possibly as late as 1718) who was born in Skirbeck, Lincolnshire, England, and settled in the Massachusetts Bay Colony. He had older sisters Mary (born 1865), Laura (born 1867), and Carrie (born 1870). What a wonderful find. [quote]Are they dead in that pic, [R59]? Clearly, the typesetter was misreading Ingallss capital P for a capital S.. Pa was the worst kind of loser. Ingalls, a well-respected resident of De Smet, was elected for a number of roles, including Justice of the Peace and deputy sheriff. The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Performance". So there is something positive to say about the pioneer days. Go to Yale Law School? Ingalls helped found, build, and was an active member of the First Congregational Church in De Smet. S. I. At first glance, this signature does not appear to match Charles P. Ingalls, but several clues indicate that it actually does. "There was really no such thing as a middle class at that time.". Carrie, Im assuming he means back and forth between DeSmet and the James River. Please note: prices are correct and items are available at the time the article was published. This afternoon, my wife had an episode of Little House on the Prairie on TV. Anyone using the information provided by Kidadl does so at their own risk and we can not accept liability if things go wrong. Thanks, R37, but some of us managed to make it ALL THE WAY to R16. Did R48 just call us middle class??? Wilder scholar William Anderson noted: "Nearly forty years . The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Analytics". . Charles Frederick "Freddie" Ingalls was the fourth child of Caroline and Charles Ingalls. There are no pictures of the young Charles Ingalls but my guess is he was also sex on a stick. Obviously he was a drnk, which is why the books resonated with the public. They did it in the bed right next to Mary and she never noticed. (minus the books). I felt I could see and touch the landscape, the food, etc. Also, taking memorial pictures of dead people was very popular in Victorian times. They adopted Albert so he could clean Pa's cock cheese. If only Albert could have had his version of a 19th century OnlyFans. First Dr. Quinn, focused on the family of a Doctor. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. In 1860, Charles Ingalls married his neighbor Caroline Lake Quiner, who was later known as Caroline Ingalls. The real-life Charles Ingalls was actually an accomplished fiddler, and in the book series which inspired the television show, his daughter, Laura Ingalls Wilder, documented 127 separate tunes that she remembered him playing. As Laura Ingalls Wilders novels and Pioneer Girl clearly show, Charles Ingalls did successfully trap foxes and coyotes, among other animals, during the winter of 18791880. Darren Sproles High School, The one prop I'll give Pa is that he seemed to get Laura in a way her mother could not. Mary never married. Charles Frederick (Freddie) (18751876) and It's so weird some of you are talking about the TV show as if it were historically accurate. Caroline Ingalls. Charles Ingalls was born in New York on January 10, 1836. Use the links! We recognise that not all activities and ideas are appropriate and suitable for all children and families or in all circumstances. Parts of his lower limbs were temporarily paralyzed, and even after the paralysis had resolved, he needed a cane to walk. Still, no one is sure what the family is really like. Pa Ingalls reminds me of Matt Roloff with his half-baked, no-money ideas, making money off of his kids. In 1885, Wilder met and married a family friend named Almanzo Wilder who was 10 years her senior. In working with newspapers as we conducted background research for Pioneer Girl, we ran across a letter, dated February 2, 1880, from Charles Ingalls to the Brookings County Press that has gone unrecorded until now. When did Matthew Labroteaux (sp?) The explanation of why the letter was overlooked as being from Pa is satisfactorythe P in Pas signature was misread as an S! PA was a drunk. Recent reports confirm that Charles Ingalls, freshly returned to his humble abode after a visit to Milwaukee, had yet another horrible experience while spending time in a city. What was the error code on Little House on the Prairie? Papers of Rose Wilder Land and Laura Ingalls Wilder. They always had to supplement their nearly-nonexistent farm income by "working in town" or rustling up various side hustles to keep food on the table. At Kidadl we pride ourselves on offering families original ideas to make the most of time spent together at home or out and about, wherever you are in the world. The Ingalls - sure they've inherited a fortune- go on a spending spree to upgrade their farm and equipment. They were more comfortable than the farmers but they still had to work for their livelihood. By then the fact that Ingalls had made the table had been lost to history. Charles Ingalls was an enthusiastic member of the First Congregational Church in De Smet, which he helped establish and construct. Ingalls was discovered by a friend in a room at Nashville hotel on McGavock Pike at 10:28 a.m. Friday, according to Nashville police. Those people thought they were upper class, but they weren't really wealthy or well-connected. 'That would depend on who gave it to me', Laura answered. Why couldn't he provide a better house for them all? It explains his nuttiness, Christ that beard, and all of the miscarriages and still births and early deaths. Not a huge fan of Family Guy, but this opening is brilliant ! We try our very best, but cannot guarantee perfection. Thank you for publishing. There was really no such thing as a "middle class" at that time. [quote]Laura was quite pretty and obviously a good catch. When Laura and Mary walk to school, is it an hour's walk, fifteen minutes? The novel was so successful that a century later, it was adapted for a TV series. The Lab Group bass producer was just 25 years old at the time of his death and is now being widely mourned on social media. 'Your hand is so small!' Charles Ingalls had two siblings named Peter and Polly. The reason I preferred the books to the TV show was all the descriptions of food, people, environment, etc. D. I. Egleston and party gave us a call last week. What people may not know, is her life started here in Wisconsin, in the 'big woods' of Pepin County. It was a true portrait of the pioneer experience. [quote] He was a poor planner, a deadbeat, and skipped out on debts. When was the first season of Little House on the Prairie? Yeah, the Ingalls lived on charity several times. Here are ten things you probably didn't know about the beloved television series. Do you think Melissa Gilbert ever masterbated to thoughts of Pa? As a kid I was apoplectic about the mountains in southwest Minnesota. And, I think it was little Carrie, who was devastated when Mary left to go to school. Wasn't Michael Landon a rightwing Christian and a big bully on Bonanza. Charles Ingalls was 66 years old when he died on June 8, 1902. She just came home and the only thing she contributed was craftwork that they sold. Elderly blind woman named mary Amelia Ingalls died in a did charles ingalls make furniture in real life rural community in South Dakota at all is as. why did charles ingalls move to the city - In November 1867, Charles Ingalls and Henry Quiner signed legal papers dividing up their quarter-section of land, allowing either to sell his half and move if he desired. Did Caroline Ingalls mother remarry? For many American students, it was practically required read one or two of the books in the Little House series written by Laura Ingalls Wilder.Published from 1932 to 1943, according to Politico, the series included entries like Little House on the Prairie.That title was borrowed for the immensely successful 1970s television series starring Michael Landon as Charles "Pa" Ingalls. Pa was one of those dreamers who thought that moving would solve his problems. Charles was born about one year after the Ingalls' arrival in Walnut Grove and was the son that Charles had always wanted. Maybe, I now recall even Mrs. Oleson making a snide remark to Caroline about how many children she and Charles had (I think it was when the Ingalls were going to take in some orphans). Times are lively here again. Seeking explanation of Military Bounty Land Files and Land Entry Case Files. I disagree, the Olesons and Doc Baker, would be considered middle class. Literary Figure. And Carrie was retarded. Would a frontier family living in . Shes like the patron saint of this place. So in those days, if the husband wanted to haul out to the Frontier and fuck up being a dirt farmer, she went if he'd take her. Albert Quinn Ingalls was a young boy who's biological father was Jeremy Quinn. These cookies ensure basic functionalities and security features of the website, anonymously. I vaguely remember that he lived off of Laura, also. What was up with Katherine MacGregor? When Charles was just a toddler, the Panic of 1837 devastated with bank failures and rapid economic decline. Some sort of genetic complication or just a sad coincidence? What are you doing here? It was an act of . It is possible that he offered burial space at the end of his family row for Charles Ingalls' own son. The story of the Charles Ingalls family began long before their arrival in Walnut Grove in 1874. Of course the apples had nothing to do with what we eat today, they were used to make cider, which was needed because the water may not be drinkable without the alcoholic content of cider to make it so. Did Mary Ingalls really go blind? Also, the cider press process would then provided Johnny with all the free seeds he needed to go forth and plant a new round of saplings further west. Any idea how long the walk was to school, or to town? The cookies is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Necessary". Her mother remarried and the family moved to Concord in Jefferson County, where Caroline became a teacher at 16 and met her husband Charles. Fuck him. It was in this house that Ingalls, along with his wife and daughter Mary, lived out the rest of his days. Ingalls was discovered dead by a friend in a room at a Nashville hotel on McGavock Pike on Dec. Caroline was born in 1839 in Brookfield. Charles Phillip Ingalls ( / lz /; January 10, 1836 - June 8, 1902) was the father of Laura Ingalls Wilder, known for her Little House series of books. Farming was were the money was at. Wouldn't he be considered rich back in the day? Who is Albert Ingalls? Not likely. Bitch was always dizzy & limping. The Laura Ingalls Wilder Pageant is an experience like no other. Thanks so much for publishing the letter. English Charles II Marble Top Console Table or Stand, circa 1660. Mary Ingalls, Caroline's and Charles' eldest child, experienced a serious setback in her story relatively early, when a disease took her sight at the age of 14. Times were hard on the Ingalls family, and within a year after the Panic, Lansford watched his two older brothers, James and Samuel . While she was sleeping, the neighbor's husband came into the bedroom and told Laura to keep quiet and lie still. They did not return to the farm but lived in town. It's just what you did. Witness for Ingalls Homestead. Charles Ingalls died on June 8, 1902 at the age of 66. You also have the option to opt-out of these cookies. The house didn't appear to have any insulation either? Her early life was charming, the family parties when they still lived near kin. Created by TV legend Michael Landon, who also starred as Charles Ingalls, Little House on the Prairie is one of the most beloved family shows of all time. Charles Frederic is the name that appears in the Ingalls family Bible; Laura always wrote his name as "Freddy," He was born November 1, 1875, in Walnut Grove (Redwood County) Minnesota, the fourth child of Charles and Caroline Ingalls. It is signed "C. S. Between 1840 and 1883, scarlet . Please complete the process by verifying your email address. Does Charles die in Little House on the Prairie? Bubble Tea Cup Supplier Singapore, Pa's gun hangs over the door of the De Smet house. He had to have been. They really did keep pulling up stakes and starting over. Seems like they had a better quality of life over in Colorado. Almanzo was also loser who made very bad choices. The first little anecdote is Laura getting word that Ma had died. . Naturally, this would be in 1876. Charles Phillip Ingalls, or "Pa" (/lz/; January 10, 1836 - June 8, 1902) was the father of Laura Ingalls . A few years later, he had "proved up" his claim and sold the farm, choosing to move back into De Smet and build a home on Third Street. Rudy Ruettiger Siblings Ages, Please specify an ID for the Contact Form in Video Settings > Video Post > Spam Flag-Contact Form 7 ID or Spam Flag-Gravity Form ID, did charles ingalls actually make furniture, united states warranty corp platinum coverage, lynyrd skynyrd one more from the road full album, How To Open Dropdown Menu On Hover In Bootstrap, how bad is my eye prescription calculator, international justice league of super acquaintances costumes, books about the troubles in northern ireland, similarities of ethnolinguistics and anthropological linguistics, stella adler studio of acting acceptance rate. Wisconsin quotas under Lincoln's calls for troops until July 1864 were filled by volunteers, spurred into service by generous bounties offered in order to avoid a draft. Michael Landon played the role of "Pa" with so much swagger that it's hard to believe the real Charles Ingalls actually looked like this. Principios Y Valores En La Biblia, Little House on the Prairie (TV series) Charles Phillip Ingalls, or "Pa" (/lz/; January 10, 1836 - June 8, 1902) was the father of Laura Ingalls Wilder, known for her Little House series of books. You might be thinking of his son Michael Landon Jr. who is an evangelical Christian. Where Is Biomass Used In Australia, The yearly earnings of Charles Ingalls are not known. Tonight, and all week, FOX25/48 will spotlight Pepin County. 1. R99 One of the things about homesteading was proof that you were going to be on the land permanently and to claim it you needed to plant apple or peach orchards within three years to show you were invested. The house was a fucking shack, and the girls had to live in the attic. The teacher of the one-room schoolhouse may have had only a high school education themselves, and well, if the kids were going to be a farmer or a farmer's wife what was the point? Pa was shit out of luck he had four deadbeat female mouths to feed and no one to help him with the planting and harvesting. Carrie didn't get married until she was her in her 40s. If they stuck to the books for the TV show, they never would have been renewed after the first season. Then it was renewed for a ninth season better known as Little House: A New Beginning from September 27, 1982 to March 21, 1983. Well this thread has been a surprising Sunday delight. Laura might've attributed Mary's blindness to scarlet fever to make it easier for children to understand, Tarini says. Pa was almost certainly mentally ill and dragged the family all over the map because he couldnt stay still. His daughter Laura Ingalls Wilder immortalized him and the rest of her family in the popular 'Little House' series of books. 11 thick inches pounding Ma made for a lot of heat. Appearing in the February 12, 1880, issue, Ingallss letter was headlined From Kingsbury County and is datelined De Smet, Feb. 2d. Also, wood which is why they went to walnut grove. He died shortly after his birth when he was not gaining any weight but eating a lot. Charles and Caroline Ingalls In Pioneer Girl, Charles Ingalls does something that took most readers by surprise: under the cover of darkness, he loads up the wagon, rousts the children out of bed, and the family skips townto avoid paying the rent. Seems I recall that from one of Lauras books big jim or something , Carrie, That question is answered just below the letter. He is depicted as the character "Pa" in the novels, and portrayed by Michael Landon on the long running NBC-TV series. Lauras newborn son dies unexpectedly at night with no apparent reason. Secondly, Colorado Springs was a much larger and established town. I dont think it matters who found it first (even IF it could be proven which it cant). SIGH. Even in an interview with Rose he said, "my life has been mostly disappointments.". Margaret Delano, Ingalls' paternal grandmother, was a descendant of Mayflower passenger Richard Warren, a member of the New York Delano family, and an ancestor of the US President Franklin Delano Roosevelt. R115 Hell I wouldn't mind working to support Manly, as long as he was home to have sex with every night. Didn't she want her daughters to have something decent? The first service was held in the new church building on August 30, 1882. I too, loved Katherine MacGregor as Harriet, R65. I don't remember this part. Charles adored him, making Laura jealous. R177, the right-wing libertarian stuff came later when Laura's books were successful, and I think mostly from her daughter. She did have a brother named Charles Frederick Ingalls Jr, born on November 1, 1875 in Walnut Grove, Minnesota. Plus, in theory, if you were working the land, weren't more kids supposed to be better - free labor. But, as many also stated on this thread, pioneer times were tough for many families, and death was a frequent event on their nomadic travels. Heres an interview with the director of tonights PBS documentary. I wouldnt say this is a new discovery, seeing as how Nancy shared this quite a few years ago? Mary Ingalls did indeed lose her sight when she was 14, in 1879. Ingalls is portrayed in the novels and the television series as the character Pa. Continue reading the article to know more about this famous person who hails from Cuba. He married Caroline Lake Quiner (1839-1924) 1 February 1860 in Milwaukee, Milwaukee County . One hundred years later one of the tables he made, with the initials C.I. In any case, 10 kids was the norm back then. Mary Ingalls did indeed lose her sight when she was 14, in 1879. The birth site of Wilder was commemorated with Little House Waysite. It wasn't just that. [quote] If Pa Ingalls lived today, hed be constantly trying to start up businesses that failed and his wife would support the family. Dr. Quinn, Medicine Woman, was from roughly the same time period. We hope you love our recommendations for products and services! Medical care on the frontier ranged from basic to nonexistent. The regular series was preceded by the two-hour pilot movie, which first aired on March 30, 1974. According to Wikipedia, Charles Ingalls (Pa) would have been 24 years old in 1860. Kidadl provides inspiration to entertain and educate your children. It seemed like a cruel twist for Mary, who had been a hardworking, virtuous daughter. Laura Ingalls Wilder - A Journey from South Dakota to Missouri, 1894, Eyewitness exhibit. It was a true portrait of the pioneer experience. Lab Group musician Charles Ingalls (Lab Group/Twitter) Electronic music producer Charles Elias Ingalls was found dead at a Nashville hotel on December 10, 2021, police confirmed. Mary didn't suspect a thing. R21 Youre an idiot, heat rises, that was the warmest and cushist place in all the nasty draft trap little house. He couldn't even build them a decent house with a bedroom. iOS it true Albert wasnt a real character? That is exactly how I saw it R16. The series began on the NBC network on September 11, 1974, and ended on May 10, 1982. Wonder what he meant by to and from the Jim. Charles especially seemed to be a romantic, adventurous type who loved music, traveling, and the wilderness. Maybe I need to re-read the "Little House" books. What about the old man, the one that owned the mill and started the town? Photo by Herbert Hoover Presidential Library. Mrs. Oleson immediately decides to foreclose on the Ingalls farm, putting the Ingalls friendship with the Olesons to the test. She was wonderful in the role. You think Pa was going to splurge for Olan Mills in Mankato? The Ingalls Coffee Table is a country table accented with a plank-style top and uniquely detailed legs. Charles Ingalls had an estimated net worth of $9 million. Little House on the Praire - Indepedence, Kansas. The real-life Charles Ingalls was actually an accomplished fiddler, and in the book series which inspired the television show, his daughter, Laura Ingalls Wilder, documented 127 separate tunes that she remembered him playing. Every time she managed to generate some income, Pa would swoop down and grab that cash. The Ingalls family lived in this town for right around a year, from fall 1876 to 1877. Did Albert Ingalls become a doctor? Construction on the house began in 1887 and was completed in 1889. Was pa constantly crying in real life? James Cooper Ingalls was the second adopted son of Caroline and Charles Ingalls who appears on the NBC-TV series Little House on the Prairie. He died shortly after his birth when he was not gaining any weight but eating a lot. Better known as the head of the family, or "Pa . Far worst of all, the fever had settled in Mary's eyes and Mary was blind." Another reason people had so many children in the olden days was because so many died infancy. When did Laura Ingalls. PEPIN COUNTY, Wis. (WLAX/WEUX) - Laura Ingalls Wilder, best known for her life adventures with Ma, Pa, and her sisters were chronicled in the bestselling "Little House" books. Ingalls relocated with his family from their initial home in the Wisconsin forests to Indian Territory in southeast Kansas, then back to Wisconsin, Burr Oak, Iowa, and finally to southern Minnesota. R186, that beard is disgusting. Necessary cookies are absolutely essential for the website to function properly. He had a love of music and reading, and played the violin. Even knowing how idealized they are now, I still appreciate the books for that reason. There's a mention of him going out and eating pancakes with the men. Because it took ten plus years for the trees to bear fruit it proved that they were invested in being there. Pa is sounding more like my own pa all the time. Laura had a younger brother, Charles Frederick Ingalls (called Freddy) who died in infancy, but I don't think she ever wrote about him. You can totally tell Pa would have been the one to take the short cut at what became Donner Pass and make them all suffer.
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